Geniposide CAS NO.24512-63-8

Geniposide, a novel agonist for GLP-1 receptor, prevents PC12 cells from oxidative damage via MAP kinase pathway.[Pubmed: 17629357]

Neurochem Int. 2007 Nov-Dec;51(6-7):361-9.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) gives a new genre in therapeutic targets for intervention in AD with its neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions. In previous work, we identified that Geniposide is a novel agonist for GLP-1 receptor, which shows neurotrophic characteristics to induce the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The aim of this study is to determine whether Geniposide prevents neurons from oxidative damage, and to explore its signaling pathways. The results demonstrated that Geniposide increased the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), to antagonize the oxidative damage in PC12 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide. LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) inhibited the effect of Geniposide increasing of Bcl-2 level by activation of MAPK, MEK and c-Raf phosphorylation in hydrogen peroxide treated PC12 cells. U0126 (a selective inhibitor of MEK) also attenuated the enhancement of Geniposide on Bcl-2 level by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p90RSK in the hydrogen peroxide treated PC12 cells.
CONCLUSIONS:
All these data demonstrate that Geniposide, an agonist for GLP-1 receptor, regulates expression of anti-oxidative proteins including HO-1 and Bcl-2 by activating the transcriptor of p90RSK via MAPK signaling pathway in PC12 cells.

Geniposide, from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, inhibits the inflammatory response in the primary mouse macrophages and mouse models.[Pubmed: 22878137 ]

Int Immunopharmacol. 2012 Dec;14(4):792-8.

Geniposide, a main iridoid glucoside component of gardenia fruit, has been known to exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and other important therapeutic activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Geniposide on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated primary mouse macrophages in vitro and LPS induced lung injury model in vivo.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), inhibitory kappa B (IκBα) protein, p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were determined by Western blot. Further analysis was carried out in mTLR4 and mMD-2 co-transfected HEK293 cells. The results showed that Geniposide markedly inhibited the LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production both in vitro and in vivo. Geniposide blocked the phosphorylation of IκBα, p65, p38, ERK and JNK in LPS stimulated primary mouse macrophages. Furthermore, Geniposide inhibited the expression of TLR4 in LPS stimulated primary mouse macrophages and inhibited the LPS-induced IL-8 production in HEK293-mTLR4/MD-2 cells. In vivo study, it was also observed that Geniposide attenuated lung histopathologic changes in the mouse models.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that Geniposide exerts an anti-inflammatory property by down-regulating the expression of TLR4 up-regulated by LPS. Geniposide is highly effective in inhibiting acute lung injury and may be a promising potential therapeutic reagent for acute lung injury treatment.

Antidepressant-like effect of geniposide on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive rats by regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.[Pubmed: 25914157]

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 Apr 17.

Geniposide as the major active component of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has neuroprotective activity.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
This study elucidated the potential antidepressant-like effect of Geniposide and its related mechanisms using a depression rat model induced by 3 consecutive weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Sucrose preference test, open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST) were applied to evaluate the antidepressant effect of Geniposide. We found that Geniposide (25, 50, 100mg/kg) treatment reversed the CUMS-induced behavioral abnormalities, as suggested by increased sucrose intake, improved crossing and rearing behavior in OFT, shortened immobility and prolonged swimming time in FST. Additionally, Geniposide treatment normalized the CUMS-induced hyperactivity of HPA axis, as evidenced by reduced CORT serum level, adrenal gland index and hypothalamic CRH mRNA expression, with no significant effect on ACTH serum level. Moreover, Geniposide treatment upregulated the hypothalamic GRα mRNA level and GRα protein expression in PVN, suggesting Geniposide could recover the impaired GRα negative feedback on CRH expression and HPA axis.
CONCLUSIONS:
These aforementioned therapeutic effects of Geniposide were essentially similar to fluoxetine.
Our results indicated that Geniposide possessed potent antidepressant-like properties that may be mediated by its effects on the HPA axis.

Geniposide inhibits high glucose-induced cell adhesion through the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.[Pubmed: 20686520 ]

Effects of geniposide on hepatocytes undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatic fibrosis by targeting TGFβ/Smad and ERK-MAPK signaling pathways.[Pubmed: 25818617]

Geniposide inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis by modulating TLR4 and apoptosis-related factors in mouse mammary glands.[Pubmed: 25445441]

Life Sci. 2014 Dec 5;119(1-2):9-17.

Geniposide, a major iridoid glycoside found in gardenia fruit, is widely used in Asian countries for its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-apoptotic activities. Although the anti-inflammatory effect of Geniposide has been widely reported, its anti-apoptotic role in mastitis remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether Geniposide exerts anti-apoptotic activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse mammary glands.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We established a LPS-induced mouse mastitis model and LPS-stimulated primary mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs) model to investigate the anti-apoptotic effect of Geniposide and the underlying mechanism of action.Geniposide alleviated mammary gland apoptosis, down-regulated Bax expression, inhibited Caspase-3 cleavage and p53 phosphorylation and up-regulated Bcl-2 expression in vivo. In vitro, Geniposide decreased the ratio of dead cells in a dose-dependent manner. Geniposide inhibited Bax expression and Caspase-3 cleavage, and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2. Moreover, Geniposide down-regulated the expression of TLR4 and repressed the phosphorylation of p53.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results demonstrate that the anti-apoptotic property of Geniposide is due to its modulation of TLR4 and apoptosis-related factors (p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3) in LPS-induced mouse mastitis.

Biochimie. 2015 Jun;113:26-34.

Liver fibrosis results from increased deposition of type-I collagen within the hepatic extracellular space and constitutes a common cardinal signature in all forms of liver injury, regardless of etiology. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Geniposide is recognized as being useful against hyperlipidemia and fatty liver. However, its cellular mechanism and anti-fibrotic effect in TGF-β1-induced hepatocytes have not been explored.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present study, we investigated its anti-epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism by examining the effect of Geniposide on TGF-β1-induced hepatocytes. The effect of Geniposide on TGF-β1-induced AML12 cells was assessed using Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining and DNA binding activity. We found that Geniposide significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced mRNA and protein expression of type-I collagen. Cells treated concurrently with TGF-β1 and Geniposide retained high levels of localized E-cadherin expression with no increase in vimentin. Treatment with Geniposide almost completely blocked the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt in AML12 cells.
CONCLUSIONS:
Taken together, these results suggest that Geniposide may suppress TGF-β1-induced EMT in hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the TGFβ/Smad and ERK-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Our results may help researchers better understand the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis so they can develop novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of liver diseases.

Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2010 Aug;31(8):953-62.

To investigate whether Geniposide, an iridoid glucoside extracted from gardenia jasminoides ellis fruits, inhibits cell adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by high glucose and its underlying mechanisms.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
HUVECs were isolated from human umbilical cords and cultured. The adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs was determined using fluorescence-labeled monocytes. The mRNA and protein levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and endothelial selectin (E-selectin) were measured using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using a fluorescent probe. The amounts of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and inhibitory factor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) were determined using Western blot analysis. The translocation of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was determined using immunofluorescence. Geniposide (10-20 mumol/L) inhibited high glucose (33 mmol/L)-induced adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. This compound (5-40 mumol/L) also inhibited high glucose-induced expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin at the gene and protein levels. Furthermore, Geniposide (5-20 micromol/L) decreased ROS production and prevented IkappaB degradation in the cytoplasm and NF-kappaB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in HUVECs.
CONCLUSIONS:
Geniposide inhibits the adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs and the expression of CAMs induced by high glucose, suggesting that the compound may represent a new treatment for diabetic vascular injury. The mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect may be related to the inhibition of ROS overproduction and NF-kappaB signaling pathway activation by Geniposide.

Geniposide attenuates insulin-deficiency-induced acceleration of β-amyloidosis in an APP/PS1 transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease.[Pubmed: 25882165]

Neurochem Int. 2015 Oct;89:7-16.

Our previous studies have shown that Geniposide plays an essential role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells and also antagonizesAβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity examined using a primary cortical neuron assay. However, the mechanism by which Geniposide appears to regulate insulin signaling in the brain is presently not well understood.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, we administered streptozotocin (STZ) to induce insulin-deficiency in an AD transgenic mouse model, and investigated the effects of Geniposide on the β-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) using in vitro and in vivo models. Our results indicate that treatment with STZ (90 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for two consecutive days) induced significant reduction in peripheral and brain insulin levels in both wild-type and APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Administration of Geniposide for 4 weeks significantly decreased the concentrations of cerebral β-amyloid peptides (Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) in STZ-treated AD mice. Further experiments showed that Geniposide up-regulated the protein levels of β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), and decreased the protein levels of ADAM10 when examined using a primary cultured cortical neuron assay and in STZ-induced AD mice. Meanwhile, Geniposide also directly enhanced the effects of insulin by reducing Aβ1-42 levels in primary cultured cortical neurons.
CONCLUSIONS:
Taken together, our findings provide a mechanistic link between diabetes and AD, and is consistent with the notion that Geniposide might play an important role on APP processing via enhancing insulin signaling and may convey a therapeutic benefit in AD.